Cellulose nanocrystals vs. cellulose nanospheres: A comparative study of cytotoxicity and macrophage polarization potential

초록

Nanocellulose application has been increasing owing to its appealing physicochemical properties. Monitoring of the crystallinity, surface topography, and reactivity of this high-aspect-ratio nanomaterial is crucial for efficient tissue engineering. Controlling macrophage polarization phenotype remains a challenge in regenerative medi-cine and tissue engineering. Herein, we monitored the effects of shape-regulated (rod and spherical) nano -cellulose on the macrophage modulatory potential of RAW 246.7 cells in vitro. Spherical nanocellulose (s-NC) exhibited higher thermal stability and biocompatibility than rod nanocellulose. Macrophage polarization was profoundly affected by nanocellulose topography and incubation period. M2 polarization was observed in vitro after 1 day of treatment with s-NC, followed by M1 polarization after treatment for longer periods. Transcriptome analysis similarly revealed that M1 polarization was dominant after 1 day h of incubation with both nano -cellulose types. These findings demonstrate that macrophage polarization can be controlled by selecting suitable nanocellulose shape and incubation time for desired applications.

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