A review on the inflow paths, occurrence, fate, remediation technologies, and related regulations of per- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater

초록

This reviewexamines the pathways, occurrence, fate, remediation methods, and regulatory frameworks associated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater. PFAS are synthetic chemicals widely used in various industrial, commercial, and agricultural applications due to their unique chemical properties. However, these properties also make PFAS highly persistent in the environment, leading to significant contamination concerns in groundwater. The review explores the primary sources of PFAS entry into groundwater, including industrial discharges, waste management practices, and agricultural runoff. The occurrence and distribution of PFAS in groundwater are analyzed, highlighting the variability in concentration levels across different regions. The fate of PFAS in groundwater is discussed in terms of their mobility, transformation, and bioaccumulation potential. The review also evaluates traditional and emerging remediation techniques, such as activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation processes, and biological treatments. Additionally, it provides an overview of existing regulations and policies at the national and international levels, addressing the challenges and advancements in managing PFAS contamination. The review concludes with a discussion on the need for continued research and the development of more effective strategies to mitigate the environmental and health impacts of PFAS.

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