Next-Generation Nanotoxoid Platforms for Protection against Toxin-Mediated Bacterial Infections

초록

Global mortality continues to be dominated by infectious pathologies. A further intensification of this health crisis is portended by the expanding emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. The evolution of pathogen resistance surpasses current antibiotic development. A viable therapeutic alternative is facilitated by vaccines. Antigenic responses specifically against pathogen-derived toxins are elicited by a specialized class of engineered toxoid vaccines. Clinical manifestations of most infections are precipitated by microbial toxins. A vital timeframe is provided by the induction of adaptive immunity against these toxoids. Effective abrogation of the pathogen by the immune system during subsequent exposure is enabled by such a buffer. The developmental landscape of toxoid vaccines, spanning established commercial formulations and contemporary nanotechnology-integrated platforms, is reviewed here. A superior immunological framework is established by these biomimetic configurations. A strategic roadmap for addressing the escalating global burden of antimicrobial resistance is provided by their deployment. Copyright © 2026, The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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