운동과 운동 유발성 기관지 수축: 운동활동과의 연관성 분석

초록

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is characterized by transient airway narrowing occurring during or shortly after exercise. Although regular physical activity improves overall health and immune function, certain environmental conditions and excessive exercise intensity may exacerbate antibody-mediated immune responses, thereby worsening asthma symptoms and allergic airway inflammation. This review aimed to examine the underlying causes, pathophysiological mechanisms, and intervention strategies associated with EIB. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Studies published between January 1980 and March 2026 were systematically reviewed to synthesize current evidence regarding the etiology, mechanisms, and management of EIB. Environmental factors, including cold, dry air, as well as exercise intensity, duration, and modality significantly influence the severity of EIB. High-intensity or prolonged exercise performed under adverse environmental conditions may enhance airway dehydration, osmotic stress, and the release of inflammatory mediators, contributing to bronchoconstriction. In contrast, low-intensity aerobic exercise, such as trekking, has been shown to improve pulmonary function and reduce chronic airway inflammation by stabilizing Th2-mediated immune responses and attenuating systemic inflammatory activity. Nutritional interventions-including omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin C supplementation, and low-sodium diets, may help modulate upper airway inflammation, regulate airway smooth muscle tone, and influence pulmonary microvascular function. Furthermore, complementary interventions such as yoga, particularly when combined with structured breathing exercises, have demonstrated beneficial effects on pulmonary function and quality of life in individuals with asthma. In addition to conventional pharmacological treatments, structured low-intensity aerobic exercise, targeted nutritional strategies, and yoga-based breathing interventions may serves as effective adjunctive approaches for reducing airway inflammation and improving respiratory health outcomes in individuals with EIB.

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