Recent Advances in Microbiome Balance Regulation for Periodontal Disease Prevention

초록

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that results from pathogenic oral bacteria, ultimately inducing immune responses and tissue destruction. The most effective prevention methods are based on the reduction of bacteria to maintain oral health status. This review will address bio-chemical, and biological approaches for treating and controlling pathogenic oral bacteria, as well as emerging technologies. Mechanical methods and chemical agents suppress bacterial growth, while some advanced strategies such as antimicrobial peptides and nanotechnology-based therapies give selective treatment with lower side effects. Biological approaches are concerned with the restoration of microbial equilibrium using probiotics, e.g., Lactobacillus species, and bacteriophage therapy to selectively eliminate periodontal pathogens. Immunotherapy and vaccines against Porphyromonas gingivalis provide promising possibilities for future preventive measures. The lifestyle characteristics have different effects on periodontal health by specifying the composition of the oral microbiome and the immune responses. Data on new advancements in personalized treatment, artifitial in artificial intelligence (AI)-based diagnostics, and big data analytics will be helpful in early detection and prevention. A concerted series of actions in microbiology, immunology, and digital health technologies will be needed for sound periodontal disease management.

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