Geothermal energy resources in Timor-Leste: A review of current status, potential, and development challenges

초록

Since gaining independence, Timor-Leste has faced serious energy challenges, characterized by a fragile energy infrastructure and heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels. This situation exacerbates the country's economic vulnerability and hinders sustainable development. Geothermal energy is emerging as a vital alternative with the potential to provide environmentally friendly, renewable, and stable baseload power. This review analyzes the geological background and geothermal characteristics of Timor-Leste, evaluates the results of geothermal exploration and studies conducted to date, and discusses in depth the technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects of geothermal energy development. It also offers policy and institutional recommendations for realizing the country's geothermal energy potential. Although detailed exploration data on Timor-Leste's geothermal resources remain limited, the presence of active tectonic features and numerous hot springs suggests considerable potential. The development of geothermal energy is expected to significantly contribute to strengthening energy security, diversifying the economy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting regional development. However, several challenges must be addressed, including high upfront exploration costs, a lack of technical expertise, an uncertain policy environment, and land tenure disputes. International cooperation and the establishment of a comprehensive national roadmap are essential for effectively harnessing Timor-Leste's geothermal energy potential.

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