Enhancing precision agriculture with advanced variable-rate spraying and autonomous vehicles: A comprehensive review

초록

The integration of advanced Variable-Rate Spraying (VRS) technologies with Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) represents a big step toward Precision Agriculture (PA). This combination improves efficiency and promotes sustainability in modern farming practices. The review examines the latest advancements and applications of VRS in autonomous agricultural systems and offers insights into how these technologies are reshaping the agricultural landscape. PA utilizes tools such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and machine vision to apply agrochemicals, thereby optimizing pest control, fertilization, and more accurate crop management overall. However, while VRS holds excellent promise, important challenges remain, particularly in the areas of sensor data integration, real-time decision-making, and the coordination of vehicle movement with the spraying operation. This review explores the foundational principles of VRS, the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing these systems, and their transformative impact on modern farming practice. Through detailed case studies, this review shows that significant improvements in resource efficiency and environmental sustainability can be achieved through VRS. It also emphasizes the potential of integrating VRS with autonomous vehicles to revolutionize agriculture by analyzing current implementations and exploring future research directions. The paper presents a comprehensive management approach that can improve economic viability and promote ecological responsibility, paving the way for a more sustainable future in farming.

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