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초록

The United States of America ruled the Philippines from 1898 to 1946. The overriding concern of the United States was to make Philippines the show-window of American democracy in Asia. To achieve this aim the colonial administrators trained the Filipinos in the art of self - government, introduced a policy of mass education, promoted the health and welfare of the native population, and embarked on a massive infrastructure program. These formed the major program components of American colonial administration in the Philippines. But, now and here, can you find out the American's real aim with the above-mentioned one? In then what's that? In connection with this, we can show the following points. The Filipino encounter with American culture resulted in the open acceptance of many aspects of American culture and institutions. Conversely, it may have hindered the development of an indigenous cultural nationalism. The subconscious Americanization of the Filipino stands in the way of nation-building even today, for one of the indispensable ingredients in the making of a nation is a strong sense of national identity- the awareness of and pride in own' s own culture and traditions. What about the Filipino leaders under the American rule? What/how did they do to recover her sovereignty? And who were the most famous leaders in the Philippines during the American colonial period? We can easily point out the name of Sergio Osmena, Sr and Manuel L. Quezon. Political parties were formed, but these came to be dominated by the Nacionalista Party led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmena. Elections and political party system as a mechanism for leadership selection, were unknown during the pre-colonial period. It was only upon the establishment of American colonial rule that elections were institutionalized in the Philippine political system. Filipinos shared in exercising legislative power in the early years. From 1907, only Filipinos were qualified to become members of the Philippine Assembly(until 1916), of the Philippine Legislature(l916-35), of the National Assembly(l935-40), and of the Congress of the Philippines(to the end of the American rule in 1946). It was only in 1907 that a number of parties coalesced to form the Nacionalista Party(NP) under the leadership of Sergio Osmena. The NP won the elections for the Philippine Assembly that year. Throughout the pre-war period the NP, or one of its factions - it was divided twice in 1922 and 1933 between the Osmena and Quezon camps - always remained in firm control of the Filipino representation in the national government in spite of the open and competitive nature of the one-party system. The widely shared sentiment, of course, at that time was for the complete, immediate, and absolute grant of independence to the Philippines. Evidently in gratitude for the role he played in the enactment of the Jones Law, the Philippine Senate, in October 1916, unanimously elected Quezon as its first president. As president of the upper house of the legislature, Quezon logically became a member of the dual Filipino leadership team with Sergio Osmena. At that time, however - or from 1907, when the Philippine Assembly was established - Osmena, as its Speaker, was the recognized leader of the Filipino participation in the government. Thus, for fifteen years from 1907 to 1922, Quezon played only second fiddle to Osmena. Recognizing, however, the statesmanlike qualities and valuable servicesvof his long-time friend and political collaborator, Quezon did everything to win over Osmena. The result was the formation of the Partido Nacionalista Consolidado, wherein were fused the two groups headed by both Quezon and Osmena. From 1923 to 1934, even furthermore 1944, the two leaders worked hand in hand, in a spirit of cooperation, for the welfare and independence of the country, with Quezon as supreme leader and Osmena, laying aside all consideration of personal pride and thinking only of national unity, content to play second fiddle.

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