조선전기 경상도의 지역거점 산성 연구

초록

Mountain fortress is one of Korea’s traditional defense facilities. Due to the chaotic situation, systematic defense facilities were not constructed in the early Chosun dynasty. But after ten years reign of king Taejong, there became a great tension in North East Asia. There were Japanese pirate raiders(倭寇), Ming(明)'s expedition of Tatary, conflicts between Chosun (朝鮮) and Ming(明) over Jurchen(女眞), and these led Taejong to buildnationwide defense facilities by extensive construction of mountain fortresses not only around the key footholds in northern parts of the country but in GyeongSang-do and Jeolla-do. In 1413, he sought the completion of national defense by building a mountain fortress in every 40km or 54km in every province in every Do(道)s. The completion had been promoted throughout Japan’s and Red Turbans’ invasion at the end of Koryo dynasty, and the time of war against Yuan during king GongMin. All these were primarily to defend themselves from North. This plan of building mountain fortresses resulted in fortresses in 111, about 1/3 of 333 provinces in 8 Dos, by the early Chosun dynasty. In the case of GyeongSang-do, 31 counties out of 66 were covered, and 10 of them with both city wall and mountain fortress. In terms of scale, 11 out of the 31s were more than 2000 square feet(步). We can see the difference in number of fortress in Jeolla-do, and this helps us to understand their view on national defense. But after King SeJong, there remained only 41 mountain fortresses in the country by the mid 16th century. There were only 11 counties with mountain fortresses out of 67 in Gyeongsang-do. This counts 20 less fortresses, which is due to the change of national defense plan from mountain fortress-based to city wall-based. During Japanese invasion to Korea in 1592, ImJin War, however, the importance and effectiveness of mountain fortresses(山城有益論) were proved, which led to nationwide reconstruction of mountain fortress. It was needed to incapacitate Japanese strategy of siege warfare(攻城戰術), and to reinforce the clear night strategy(淸野戰略) to keep the enemy from penetrating inside. Especially because castles didn’t work well to block the enemy, the plan got changed to protect key footholds including the capital, with two or three lines of defense, mainly around Nakdong River in GyeongSang-do. This was to defeat them when the enemy attack moving along the river, to keep them from getting war supplies, and to drive them to the southern part of the river. But there was argument against the plan as well, and as many mountain fortresses fell during the second strike of Japanese pirate raiders in 1592, mountain fortresses started to lose its advocates. It is basically due to the lack of thorough preparation process in the war time. After the war, opinions were gathered to the point that they needed to make the most of their topographic feature to defeat Japanese whose army and strategy were more advanced. And finally ““places we can protect (可守之地)””-centered strategy gained power and became the main strategy.

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