宋ㆍ元과 安南의 해상 교역로와 거점

초록

During the Song Dynasty, instability in the Yongzhou region and along the border caused overland trade to decline, leading to a sharp increase in maritime commerce. After 1081, Qinzhou emerged as the official port of contact between Annam and the Song, developing into an international trade hub. A large government-run trading market was established there, where the Song’s musk and Annam’s agarwood were the principal commodities. The Annamese agarwood, known as “Qinxiang,” surged in price due to rising medicinal demand, to the extent that trade often required middlemen. In the Yuan period, while appearing to retain Song institutions, the operation of trade changed significantly. The Yuan employed government vessels (guanbonsun) and ortoq merchant ships to directly reach from Southeast Asia to Africa, expanding the network and securing huge profits, marking the rise of a maritime trading empire. In the Annam trade, expansion of the Yongzhou–Thăng Long overland route and the rise of Yingping Zhai shifted the focus away from Qinzhou, leading to its decline. The Trần dynasty, having experienced war, adopted a cautious stance toward foreign powers and restricted overseas trade to the port of Yundun(雲屯). As inland merchant ships converged there, Yundun flourished as a central hub of international commerce. The region was also a major source of pearls in Annam, with the Yuan imperial family serving as the primary consumers. Ceramics such as blue-and-white porcelain, celadon, and white porcelain—sold by Yuan merchants—were shipped from Yundun through Haiphong and the Red River to Thăng Long, where the Trần royal court became their chief purchaser. Pearls and ceramics thus formed the twin pillars of Yuan–Annam trade. To maintain these immense profits, Annam established the Pinghaigun(平海軍) in Yundun, implementing a dual strategy of trade management and coastal defense.

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