Dynamics of large wood at the watershed scale: a perspective on current research limits and future directions

초록

Recent research has elucidated the positive ecological roles of large wood (LW) in fish-bearing channels. However, where logjams increase local flooding and bank erosion, LW has negative impacts on public safety and property protection. Although our understanding of reach-scale processes and patterns has increased dramatically in recent years, only a few studies have integrated this knowledge at the watershed scale. Here we review variations in LW dynamics along a gradient of watershed sizes. In small watersheds, a massive amount of LW, resulting from forest dynamics and hillslope processes, remains on the valley floor. These pieces may persist for several decades and are eventually transported during debris flows. In intermediate watersheds, LW is dominantly recruited by bank erosion from adjacent riparian areas. These pieces are continuously transported downstream with LW pieces that are supplied from the upstream watershed by floods because these channels have a greater width and depth than the length and diameter of the pieces, as well as a high stream power. This leads to fragmentation of the LW pieces, which increases their transportability. In large watersheds, LW pieces are frequently recruited at locations where the channel is adjacent to riparian forests. Floated LW pieces can accumulate along channels with wide floodplains. Storage in floodplains can lead to more rapid decay than in an anaerobic environment, resulting in the subsequent removal of LW pieces from the system. Our review presents a generalized view of LW processing at the watershed scale, and is relevant to ecosystem management, disaster prevention and the identification of knowledge gaps.

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