Covalently bonded black phosphorus and reduced graphene oxide as a high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries

초록

Black phosphorus (BP) is a potential anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, large volume changes during electrochemical cycling prevent its practical application. Targeted covalent (P-O-C) bonding in a BP/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite was increased via high-energy mechanical milling. By attaching oxygen functional groups at the basal and edge planes, a BP/rGO composite with abundant P-O-C bonds was obtained, suppressing volume expansion during cycling. The total chemical bonding in the composite increased by 164 %, exhibiting 1113 mAhg- 1 with the initial coulombic efficiency 83.55 %, also enhancing the cycle retention from 6.3 to 60.9 % over 100 cycles at 1 A g-1.

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