Plasmonic nanoplatforms for Alzheimer's disease biomarker detection: LSPR and SERS strategies toward clinical translation

초록

Alzheimer's disease (AD) demands diagnostic approaches designed to detect molecular pathology at its earliest stages, when disease-modifying strategies are likely to have the greatest impact. Plasmonic nanoplatforms, particularly those based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), have rapidly evolved as powerful platforms for quantifying AD biomarkers at ultralow physiological concentrations. Advances in nanostructure engineering, surface functionalization, and signal amplification now enable sensitive and multiplexed detection of amyloid-beta species, tau, and phosphorylated tau isoforms, as well as exosomal nucleic acids across blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva. This Review highlights key analytical metrics achieved by state-of-the-art plasmonic systems and evaluates their performance relative to established clinical assays. It also outlines major challenges, including biofluid matrix effects, sensor reproducibility, and translational validation. With continued innovation and integration into microfluidic, fiber-optic, and machine learning-assisted platforms, plasmonic biosensors are poised to contribute substantially to next-generation AD diagnostics.

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